Using physical unclonable functions for internet-of-thing security cameras

This paper proposes a low-cost solution to develop IoT security cameras. Integrity and confidentiality of the image data are achieved by cryptographic modules that implement symmetric key-based techniques which are usually available in the hardware of the IoT cameras. The novelty of this proposal is that the secret key required is not stored but reconstructed from the start-up values of a SRAM in the camera hardware acting as a PUF (Physical Unclonable Function), so that the physical authenticity of the camera is also ensured. The start-up values of the SRAM are also exploited to change the IV (Initialization Vector) in the encryption algorithm. All the steps for enrollment and normal operation can be included in a simple firmware to be executed by the camera. There is no need to include specific hardware but only a SRAM is needed which could be powered down and up by firmware.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad del Gobierno de España y fondos europeos FEDER-TEC2014-57971-RConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-HW-SEEDS 201750E010V Plan Propio de Investigación de la Universidad de Sevill

Use Case Examples of Ethereum Non-Fungible Tokens Tied to Assets Using ERC-4519

Ethereum is a dynamic blockchain that grows every day thanks to a community that creates and decides on various of its issues. The community participates through Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs) at many levels, from proposals that describe new standards for the creation of new tokens to proposals that define new ways for the Ethereum main network to generate new blocks. This paper describes how an Ethereum Request for Comments (ERC)-type EIP, the ERC4519, was proposed last year to standardize the way to define non-fungible tokens (NFTs) representing assets that can generate their own Ethereum addresses and obey users and owners. Advantages provided by ERC-4519 in several use cases are illustrated. The examples show the facilities and the security improvements introduced in the management of both physical and digital assets by their owners and users. Particularly, use cases with physical assets such as IoT devices are illustrated

Non-Fungible Tokens Based on ERC-4519 for the Rental of Smart Homes

The rental of houses is a common economic activity. However, there are many inconveniences that arise when renting a property. The lack of trust between the landlord and the tenant due to fraud or squatters makes it necessary to involve third parties to minimize risk. A blockchain (such as Ethereum) provides an ideal solution to act as a low-cost intermediary. This paper proposes the use of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) based on ERC-4519 for smart home tokenization. The ERC-4519 is an Ethereum standard for describing NFTs tied to physical assets, allowing smart homes (assets) to be linked to NFTs so that the smart homes can interact with the blockchain and perform transactions, know their landlord (owner) and assigned tenant (user), whether they are authenticated or not, and know their operating mode (NFT state). The payments associated with the rental process are made using the NFT, eliminating the need for additional fungible tokens and simplifying the process. The entire rental process is described and illustrated with a proof of concept using a Pycom Wipy 3.0 as a smart home gateway and a smart contract programmed in Solidity, which is deployed on the Goerli Testnet for Ethereum. Experimental results show that the smart home gateway takes a few tens of milliseconds to complete a transaction, and the transaction costs of the relevant functions of the smart contract are quite affordable.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación PDC2021-121589-I00, PID2020-119397RB-I0

Secure combination of iot and blockchain by physically binding iot devices to smart non-fungible tokens using pufs

Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) are widely used in blockchain to represent unique and non-interchangeable assets. Current NFTs allow representing assets by a unique identifier, as a possession of an owner. The novelty introduced in this paper is the proposal of smart NFTs to represent IoT devices, which are physical smart assets. Hence, they are also identified as the utility of a user, they have a blockchain account (BCA) address to participate actively in the blockchain transactions, they can establish secure communication channels with owners and users, and they operate dynamically with several modes associated with their token states. A smart NFT is physically bound to its IoT device thanks to the use of a physical unclonable function (PUF) that allows recovering its private key and, then, its BCA address. The link between tokens and devices is difficult to break and can be traced during their lifetime, because devices execute a secure boot and carry out mutual authentication processes with new owners and users that could add new software. Hence, devices prove their trusted hardware and software. A whole demonstration of the proposal developed with ESP32-based IoT devices and Ethereum blockchain is presented, using the SRAM of the ESP32 microcontroller as the PUF.Ministerio de Ciencia e Investigación TEC2017-83557-R, RTC-2017-6595-7Junta de Andalucía AT17_5926_USE, US-126514